The Bellingham Bay Foundation and Cleanup

MTCA and Site-Specific Studies

Anchor Environmental, 1998. Final Disposal Siting Documentation Report. Bellingham Bay Demonstration Pilot. September 14.


Anchor Environmental, 1998. Draft Sediment Site and Source Control Documentation Report. Bellingham Bay Demonstration Pilot. September 21.


Anchor Environmental, 1998. Final Revised Consultant Scope of Work. Bellingham Bay Demonstration Pilot. September 24.


Anchor Environmental and associated firms, 1999. Preliminary Draft (April) and Draft (July 19) Environmental Impact Statement, Bellingham Bay Comprehensive Strategy. prepared for Washington Department of Ecology. See also packet of compiled comments on draft EIS.


Anchor Environmental, 2001. Bellingham Bay Demonstration Pilot, Lessons Learned. October 19.


Anchor Environmental, 2001. Year 1 Monitoring Report, Interim Remedial Action, Log Pond Cleanup/Habitat Restoration Project, Bellingham, Washington. Prepared for Georgia-Pacific West, Inc. December.


Anchor Environmental, 2002. Draft Supplemental Feasibility Study, Whatcom Waterway Site, Bellingham, Washington. Prepared for Georgia-Pacific West, Inc. January.


Anchor Environmental, 2002. Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, Bellingham Bay Comprehensive Strategy. Prepared for Georgia-Pacific West, Inc. and Washington Department of Ecology. March.


Anchor Environmental, 2002. Year 2 Monitoring Report, Interim Remedial Action, Log Pond Cleanup/Habitat Restoration Project, Bellingham, Washington. December.


Anchor Environmental and Hart Crowser, 2000. Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study, Whatcom Waterway Site, Bellingham, WA. Prepared for Georgia-Pacific West, Inc. Four volumes. July 25.


Anchor Environmental and Landau Associates, 2003. Whatcom Waterway Pre-Remedial Design Evaluation Data Report. March.

Behr, Shannon Lyn, 1998. Habitats and Distributions of Demersal Fauna (Macroinvertebrates and Fishes) in Bellingham Bay, Washington. Master of Science Thesis, Western Washington University. September.


Bellingham Bay Pilot Project, 2001. Letter of Agreement for Comprehensive Strategy Implementation. January.


Clothier, Brita Lin, 2003. Biological Monitoring of the Georgia-Pacific Log Pond, Bellingham, Washington: Evaluating Remediation Success. Master of Science Thesis, Western Washington University. October.


Colyer, Christopher Troy, 1998. Current Patterns and Suspended Sediment Transport through the Inner Harbor, Bellingham Bay, Bellingham, Washington. Master of Science Thesis, Western Washington University. April.


Cubbage, James, 1991. Bioaccumulation of Contaminants in Crabs and Clams in Bellingham Bay. Washington State Department of Ecology. September.


Falley, R. Thomas, 1974. Distribution and Transport of Mercury Within the Nooksack River Drainage, Whatcom County, Washington. Master of Science Thesis, Western Washington State College. June.


Gray, Darrell, 2001. Sea Surface Microlayer Contamination and Potential Toxicity from Dredging of Whatcom Waterway (Bellingham Washington). Master of Science Thesis, Western Washington University. November 2.


Hart Crowser, 2001. Final Report, Contaminated Sediment Treatment Alternatives Analysis. Prepared for Washington State Department of Natural Resources. June 29.


Hilarides, Chip. (powerpoint slide show, from web)


Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, 1999. Draft Environmental Impact Assessment: Georgia-Pacific West, Inc. Chlor-Alkali Plant Decommissioning. Summer.


Nelson, James M. et al., 1974. Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington State College. Mercury in the Benthos of Bellingham Bay, Washington (NSF/SOS Grant No. GY-11459). June 24, 1974 - September 13, 1974.


Niski, James T., 1972. A Sedimentary Core Analysis of Late Pleistocene to Recent Sediments in a Portion of Bellingham Bay, Washington. Master of Science Thesis, Western Washington State College. April.


Pacific Interbational Engineering and Anchor Environmental, 1999. Final Data Compilation and Analysis. Bellingham Bay Demonstration Pilot Project. March 17.


Patmont, Clay et al. Working Draft June 2004 paper. "Natural recovery: Monitoring Declines in Sediment Chemical Concentrations and Biological Endpoints" (from web)


Patmont, Clay and Craig Zeller. October 26-28 Sediment Conference. "Addressing Uncertainty and Managing Risk at Contaminated Sediment Sites" (powerpoint slide show, from web)


Paulson, Anthony J., 2004. Sources of Mercury in Sediments, Water, and Fish of the Lakes of Whatcom County, Washington. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geologic Survey. Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5084.


Rasmussen, L. Fraser, 1973. The Accumulation and Toxicity of Several Mercurials in the Tissues of the Crabs, Cancer magister and Hemigrapsus nudus. Master of Science Thesis, Western Washington State College. September.


Smelser, Curtis Ray, 1970. Sequent Occupance of the Nooksack River Valley and the Influence of Man on the Rate of Sediment Delivery to Bellingham Bay. Master of Science Thesis, Western Washington State College. August.


Sternberg, Richard W., 1961. Recent Sediments in Bellingham Bay, Washington. Master of Science Thesis, University of Washington.


Stoner, Michael et al. "Supporting a Vision: Redeveloping the Port of Bellingham Waterfront" (from web)

Literature Search


Alonso, D., P. Pineda, J. Olivero, H. Gonzalez, and N. Campos, 2000. Mercury levels in muscle of two fish species and sediments from the Cartagena Bay and the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta, Columbia. Environmental Pollution 109, 157-163.


Ambers, R.K.R. and B.N. Hygelund, 2001. Contamination of two Oregon reservoirs by cinnabar mining and mercury amalgamation. Environmental Geology 40, 699-707.


Andersson, Ingela, Helena Parkman, and Arne Jernelov, 1990. The Role of Sediments as Sink or Source for Environmental Contaminants - a Case Study of Mercury and Chlorinated Organic Compounds. Limnologica 20, 347-359.


Arnason, John G. and Barbara A. Fletcher, 2003. A 40+ year record of Cd, Hg, Pb, and U deposition in sediments of Patroon reservoir, Albany County, NY, USA. Environmental Pollution 123, 383-391.


Arribere, M.A., S. Ribeiro Guevara, R.S. Sanchez, M.I. Gil, G. Roman Ross, L.E. Daurade, V. Fajon, M. Horvat, R. Alcalde, and A.J. Kestelman, 2003. Heavy metals in the vicinity of a chlor-alkali factory in the upper Negro River ecosystem, Northern Patagonia, Argentina. The Science of the Total Environment 301, 187-203.


Baldi, F. and R. Bargagli, 1984. Mercury pollution in marine sediments near a chlor-alkali plant: distribution and availability of the metal. The Science of the Total Environment 39, 15-26.


Baldi, France and Maria L. D'Amato, 1986. Mercury Pollution in Marine Sediment Cores Near Cinnabar Depositis and a Chlor-Alkali Plant. The SCience of the Total Environment 57, 111-120.


Bartlett, P.D. and P.J. Craig, 1981. Total Mercury amd Methyl Mercury Levels in British Estaurine Sediments - II. Journal of Water Research 15, 37-47.


Baskaran, M. and P.H. Santschi, 1993. The role of particles and colloids in the transport of radionuclides in coastal environments of Texas. Marine Chemistry 43, 95-114.


Becker, D.S. and G.N. Bigham, 1995. Distribution of Mercury in the Aquatic Food Web of Onondaga Lake, New York. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80, 563-571.


Benoit, Janina M., Cynthia C. Gilmour, Robert P. Mason, and Andrew Heyes, 1999. Sulfide Controls on Mercury Speciation and Bioavailability to Methylating Bacteria in Sediment Pore Waters. Environmental Science & Technology 33, 951-957.


Bloom, Nicolas S., Ligia M. Moretto, Paolo Scopece, and Paolo Ugo, 2004. Seasonal cycling of mercury and monomethyl mercury in the Venice Lagoon (Italy). Marine Chemistry 91, 85-99.

Bloom, Nicolas S., Ligia M. Moretto, and Paolo Ugo, 2004. A comparison of the speciation and fate of mercury in two contaminated coastal marine ecosystems: The Venice Lagoon (Italy) and Lavaca Bay (Texas). Limnology and Oceanography 49, 367-375.


Bloom, Nicolas S., Gary A. Gill, Steven Cappelino, Charles Dobbs, Larry McShea, Charles Driscoll, Robert Mason, and John Rudd, 1999. Speciation and Cycling of Mercury in Lavaca Bay, Texas, Sediments. Environmental Science & Technology 33, 7-13.


Bloom, Nicolas S. and Steve W. Effler, 1990. Seasonal Variability in the Mercury Speciation of Onondaga Lake (New York). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 53, 251-265.


Bloom, Nicolas, 1989. Determination of Picogram Levels of Methylmercury by Aqueous Phase Ethylation, Followed by Cryogenic Gas Chromatography with Cold Vapour Atomic Fluorescence Detection. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, 1131-1140.


Bloom, Nicolas S. and Eric Crecelius, 1983. Determination of Mercury in Seawater at Sub-Nanogram per Liter Levels. Marine Chemistry 14, 49-59.


Boening, Dean W., 2000. Ecological effects, transport, and fate of mercury: a general review. Chemosphere 40, 1335-1351.


Bothner, Michael Henry, 1973. Mercury: Some Aspects of Its Marine Geochemistry in Puget Sound, Washington. PhD thesis, University of Washington Department of Oceanography.


Bothner, Michael H., Richard A. Jahnke, Michael L. Peterson, and Roy Carpenter, 1980. Rate of mercury loss from contaminated estuarine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44, 273-285.


Bothner, M.H., M. Buchholtz ten Brink, and F.T. Manheim, 1998. Metal Concentrations in Surface Sediments of Boston Harbor - Changes with Time. Marine Environmental Research 45, 127-155.


Breteler, Ronald J., Ivan Valiela, and John M. Teal, 1981. Bioavailability of Mercury in Several North-eastern U.S. Spartina Ecosystems. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 12, 155-166.


Breteler, Ronald J., Vaughan T. Bowen, David L. Schneider, and Richard Henderson, 1984. Sedimentological Reconstruction of the Recent Pattern of Mercury Pollution in the Niagara River. Environmental Science & Technology 18, 404-409.


Bubb, Jennifer M., Thomasine Rudd, and John N. Lester, 1991. Distribution of Heavy Metals in the River Yare and Its Associated Broads. I. Mercury and Methylmercury. The Science of the Total Environment 102, 147-168.


Canario, J., C. Vale, M. Caetano, and M.J. Madureira, 2003. Mercury in contaminated sediments and pore waters enriched in sulphate (Tagus Estuary, Portugal). Environmental Pollution 126, 425-433.


Carpenter, R., M.L. Peterson, and J.T. Bennett, 1985. Pb210-derived sediment accumulation and mixing rates for the greater Puget Sound region. Marine Geology 64, 291-312.


Carpi, Anthony and Steven E. Lindberg, 1998. Application of a Teflon Dynamic Flux Chamber for Quantifying Soil Mercury Flux: Tests and Results over Background Soil. Atmospheric Environment 32, 873-882.


Carreon-Martinez, L.B., M.A. Huerta-Diaz, C. Nava-Lopez, and A. Siqueiros-Valencia, 2002. Levels of Reactive Mercury and Silver in Sediments from the Port of Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 68, 138-147.


Choe, Key-Young, Gary A. Gill, and Ronald Lehman, 2003. Distribution of particulate, colloidal, and dissolved mercury in San Francisco Bay estuary. I. Total mercury. Limnology and Oceanography 48, 1535-1546.


Choe, Key-Young and Gary A. Gill, 2003. Distribution of particulate, colloidal, and dissolved mercury in San Francisco Bay estuary. II. Monomethyl mercury. Limnology and Oceanography 48, 1547-1556.


Choe, Key-Young, Gary A. Gill, Ronald D. Lehman, Seunghee Han, Wesley A. Heim, and Kenneth H. Coale, 2004. Sediment-water exchange of total mercury and monomethyl mercury in the San Francisco Bay-Delta. Limnology and Oceanography 49, 1512-1527.


Conaway, Christopher H., Sharon Squire, Robert P. Mason, and A. Russell Flegal, 2003. Mercury speciation in the San Francisco Bay estuary. Marine Chemistry 80, 199-225.


Conaway, Christopher H., Elizabeth B. Watson, John R. Flanders, and A. Russell Flegal, 2004. Mercury deposition in a tidal marsh of south San Francisco Bay downstream of the historic New Almaden mining district, California. Marine Chemistry 90, 175-184.


Cooper, D. Craig and John W. Morse, 1998. Biogeochemical Controls on Trace Metal Cycling in Anoxic Marine Sediments. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 327-330.


Covelli, S., J. Faganeli, M. Horvat, and A. Brambati, 1999. Porewater Distribution and Benthic Flux Measurements of Mercury and Methylmercury in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea). Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 48, 415-428.


Danielsson, A., P. Wihlborg, and L. Rahm, 2002. Large-Scale Mercury Variations in Lake Vanern (Sweden) 1974-98. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 75, 223-234.

Dellapenna, T.M., S.A. Kuehl, and L.C. Schaffner, 1998. Sea-bed Mixing and Particle Residence Times in Biologically and Physically Dominated Estuarine Systems: a Comparison of Lower Chesapeake Bay and the York River Subestuary. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 46, 777-795.


Domagalski, Joseph L., Charles N. Alpers, Darell G. Slotton, Thom,as H. Suchanek, and Shaun M. Ayers, 2004. Mercury and methylmercury concentrations and loads in the Cache Creek watershed, California. Science of the Total Environment 327, 215-237.


Downs, S.G., C.L. Macleod, and J.N. Lester, 1998. Mercury in precipitation and its relation to bioaccumulation in fish: a literature review. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 108, 149-187.


Duarte, A.C., M.E. Pereira, J.P. Oliveira, and A. Hall, 1991. Mercury desorption from contaminated sediments. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 56, 77-82.


Eckley, C.S., C.J. Watras, H. Hintelmann, K. Morrison, A.D. Kent, and O. Regnell, 2005. Mercury methylation in the hypolimnetic waters of lakes with and without connection to wetlands in northern Wisconsin. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, 400-411.


Effler, Steven W., 1987. The Impact of a Chlor-Alkali Plant on Onondaga Lake and Adjoining Systems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 33, 85-115.


Faganeli, J., M. Horvat, S. Covelli, V. Fajon, M. Logar, L. Lipej, and B. Cermelj, 2003. Mercury and methylmercury in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea). The Science of the Total Environment 304, 315-326.


Fischer, Peter and Mae Sexauer Gustin, 2002. Influence of natural sources on mercury in water, sediment and aquatic biota in seven tributary streams of the east fork of the upper Carson River, California. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 133, 283-295.


Fitzgerald, William F., Daniel R. Engstrom, Robert P. Mason, and Edward A. Nater, 1998. The Case for Atmospheric Mercury Contamination in Remote Areas. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 1-7.


French, K.J., D.A. Scruton, M.R. Anderson, and D.C. Schneider, 1999. Influence of physical and chemical characteristics on mercury in aquatic sediments. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 110, 347-362.


Gagnon, Christian, Emilien Pelletier, Alfonso Mucci, and William F. Fitzgerald, 1996. Diagenetic behavior of methylmercury in organic-rich coastal sediments. Limnology and Oceanography 41, 428-434.


Gagnon, Christian, Emilien Pelletier, and Alfonso Mucci, 1997. Behaviour of anthropogenic mercury in coastal marine sediments. Marine Chemistry 59, 159-176.


Gagnon, Christian and Nicholas S. Fisher, 1997. Bioavailability of Sediment-Bound Methyl and Inorganic Mercury to a Marine Bivalve. Environmental Science & Technology 31, 993-998.


Garron, Christine, Francois Gagne, William Ernst, Gary Julien, Marc Bernier, and Cathy Caldwell, 2005. Mercury Contamination of Marine Sediments and Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis) in the Vicinity of a Mercury Cell Chlor-Alkali Plant in Dalhousie, New Brunswick, Canada. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 40, 1-15.


Gbondo-Tugbawa, S. and C.T. Driscoll, 1998. Application of the regional mercury cycling model (RMCM) to predict the fate and remediation of mercury in Onondaga Lake, New York. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 105, 417-426.


Gill, Gary A., Nicolas S. Bloom, Steven Cappelino, Charles T. Driscoll, Charles Dobbs, Larry McShea, Robert Mason, and John W. M. Rudd, 1999. Sediment-Water Fluxes of Mercury in Lavaca Bay, Texas. Environmental Science & Technology 33, 663-669.


Gilmour, Cynthia C., Elizabeth A. Henry, and Ralph Mitchell, 1992. Sulfate Stimulation of Mercury Methylation in Freshwater Sediments. Environmental Science & Technology 26, 2281-2287.


Glass, Gary E., John A. Sorenson, Kent W. Schmidt, George R> Rapp, Jr., David Yap, and Duncan Fraser, 1991. Mercury Deposition and Sources for the Upper Great Lakes Region. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 56, 235-249.


Gobeil, Charles and Daniel Cossa, 1993. Mercury in Sediments and Sediment Pore Water in the Laurentian Trough. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, 1794-1800.


Gobeil, Charles, Robie Macdonald, and John N. Smith, 1999. Mercury Profiles in Sediments of the Arctic Ocean Basins. Environmental Science & Technology 33, 4194-4198.


Gonzalez, Humberto, 1991. Mercury Pollution Caused by a Chlor-Alkali Plant. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 56, 83-93.


Goodrow, Sandra M., Robert Miskewitz, Richard I. Hires, Steven J. Eisenreich, W. Scott Douglas, and John R. Reinfelder, 2005. Mercury Emissions from Cement-Stabilized Dredged Material. Environmental Science & Technology 39, 8185-8190.


Gottgens, Johan F., Brian E. Rood, Joseph J. Delfino, and Brenda S. Simmers, 1999. Uncertainty in Paleoecological Studies of Mercury in Sediment Cores. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 110, 313-333.


Guentzel, J.L., R.T. Powell, W.M. Landing, and R.P. Mason, 1996. Mercury associated with colloidal material in an estuarine and an open-ocean environment. Marine Chemistry 55, 177-188.


Gustin, Mae Sexauer, 2003. Are mercury emissions from geologic sources significant? A status report. The Science of the Total Environment 304, 153-167.


Hammerschmidt, Chad R., William F. Fitzgerald, Carl H. Lamborg, Prentiss H. Balcom, and Pieter T. Visscher, 2004. Biogeochemistry of methylmercury in sediments of Long Island Sound. Marine Chemistry 90, 31-52.


Hammerschmidt, Chad R. and Mark B. Sandheinrich, 2005. Maternal Diet During Oogenesis is the Major Source of Methylmercury in Fish Embryos. Environmental Science & Technology 39, 3580-3584.


Henry, E.A., L.J. Dodge-Murphy, G.N. Bigham, and S.M. Klein, 1995. Modeling the Transport and Fate of Mercury in an Urban Lake (Onondaga Lake, NY). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80, 489-498.


Henry, E.A., L.J. Dodge-Murphy, G.N. Bigham, S.M. Klein, and C.C. Gilmour, 1995. Total Mercury and Methylmercury Mass Balance in an Alkaline, Hypereutrophic Urban Lake (Onondaga Lake, NY). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80, 509-518.


Herut, B., H. Hornung, N. Kress, and Y. Cohen, 1996. Environmental Relaxation in Response to Reduced Contaminant Input: The Case of Mercury Pollution in Haifa Bay, Israel. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36, 366-373.


Heyes, Andrew, Carrie Miller, and Robert P. Mason, 2004. Mercury and methylmercury in Hudson River sediment: impact of tidal resuspension on partitioning and methylation. Marine Chemistry 90, 75-89.


Hines, Mark E., Milena Horvat, Jadran Faganeli, Jean-Claude J. Bonzongo, Tamar Barkay, Elaine B. Major, Karen J. Scott, Elizabeth A. Bailey, John J. Warwick, and W. Berry Lyons, 2000. Mercury Biogeochemistry in the Idrija River, Slovenia, from above the Mine into the Gulf of Trieste. Environmental Research 83, 129-139.


Hornung, Hava, Michael D. Krom, and Yuval Cohen, 1989. Trace Metal Distribution in Sediments and Benthic Fauna of Haifa Bay, Israel. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 29, 43-56.


Horvat, Milena, Stefano Covelli, Jadran Faganeli, Martina Logar, Vesna Mandic, Rudi Rajar, Andrej Sirca, and Dusan Zagar, 1999. Mercury in contaminated coastal environments; a case study: the Gulf of Trieste. The Science of the Total Environment 237/238, 43-56.


Huggett, D.B., J.A. Steevens, J.C. Allgood, C.B. Lutken, C.A. Grace, and W.H. Benson, 2001. Mercury in sediment and fish from North Mississippi Lakes. Chemosphere 42, 923-929.


Hylander, Lars D. and Markus Meili, 2003. 500 years of mercury production: global annual inventory by region until 2000 and associated emissions. The Science of the Total Environment 304, 13-27.


Jensen, Anders and Arne Jensen, 1991. Historical Deposition Rates of Mercury in Scandinavia Estimated by Dating and Measurement of Mercury in Cores of Peat Bogs. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 56, 769-777.


Johannessen, Sophia C., Robie W. Macdonald, and K. Magnus Eek, 2005. Historical Trends in Mercury Sedimentation and Mixing in the Strait of Georgia, Canada. Environmental Science & Technology 39, 4361-4368.


Kamman, Neil C., Peter M. Lorey, Charles T. Driscoll, Robert Estabrook, Andrew Major, Bernie Pientka, and Ed Glassford, 2003. Assessment of Mercury in Waters, Sediments, and Biota of New Hampshire and Vermont Lakes, USA, Sampled Using a Geographically Randomized Design. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 1172-1186.


Kehrig, H.A., M. Costa, I. Moreira, and O. Malm, 2002. Total and methylmercury in a Brazilian estuary, Rio de Janeiro. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, 1018-1023.


Kellerhals, Markus, Stephen Beauchamp, Wayne Belzer, Pierrette Blanchard, Frank Froude, Bruno Harvey, Karen McDonald, Martin Pilote, Laurier Poissant, Keith Puckett, Bill Schroeder, Alexandra Steffen, and Rob Tordon, 2003. Temporal and spatial variability of total gaseous mercury in Canada: results from the Canadian Atmospheric Mercury Measurement Network (CAMNet). Atmospheric Environment 37, 1003-1011.


Kerry, Alison, Pamela M. Welbourn, Betsy Prucha, and Greg Mierle, 1991. Mercury methylation by sulphate-reducing bacteria from sediments of an acid stressed lake. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 56, 565-575.


Kim, Daekeun, Qianrui Wang, George A. Sorial, Dionysios D. Dionysiou, and Dennis Timberlake, 2004. A model approach for evaluating effects of remedial actions on mercury speciation and transport in a lake system. Science of the Total Environment 327, 1-15.


Kim, Ki-Hyun and Steven E. Lindberg, 1995. Design and Initial Tests of a Dynamic Enclosure Chamber for Measurements of Vapor-Phase Mercury Fluxes over Soils. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80, 1059-1068.


Klein, S.M. and L.A. Jacobs, 1995. Distribution of Mercury in the Sediments of Onondaga Lake, N.Y. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80, 1035-1038.

Krom, Michael D., Hava Hornung, and Yuval Cohen, 1990. Determination of the Environmental Capacity of Haifa Bay with respect to the Input of Mercury. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21, 349-354.


Krom, M.D., A. Kaufman, and H. Hornung, 1994. Industrial Mercury in Combination with Natural Pb210 as Time-dependent Tracers of Sedimentation and Mercury Removal from Haifa Bay, Israel. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 38, 625-642.


Kudo, A., 1992. Natural and Artificial Mercury Decontamination - Ottawa River and Minamata Bay (Yatsushiro Sea). Water Science and Technology 26, No. 1-2, 217-226.


Kudo, A., Y. Fujikawa, M. Mitui, M. Sugahara, G. Tao, J. Zheng, T. Sasaki, S. Miyahara, and T. Muramatsu, 2000. History of mercury migration from Minamata Bay to the Yatsushiro Sea. Water Science and Technology 42, No. 7-8, 177-184.


Lamborg, Carl H., William F. Fitzgerald, William C. Graustein, and Karl K. Turekian, 2000. An Examination of the Atmospheric Chemistry of Mercury Using Pb210 and Be7. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 36, 325-338.


Lamborg, Carl H., William F. Fitzgerald, James O'Donnell, and Thomas Torgersen, 2002. A non-steady-state compartmental model of global-scale mercury biogeochemistry with interhemispheric atmospheric gradients. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66, 1105-1118.


Landers, D.H., C. Gubala, M. Verta, M. Lucotte, K. Johansson, T. Vlasova, and W.L. Lockhart, 1998. Using Lake Sediment Mercury Flux Ratios to Evaluate the Regional and Continental Dimensions of Mercury Deposition in Arctic and Boreal Ecosystems. Atmospheric Environment 32, 919-928.


Lee, Y.H., I. Wangberg, and J. Munthe, 2003. Sampling and analysis of gas-phase methylmercury in ambient air. The Science of the Total Environment 304, 107-113.


Lockhart, W.L., R.W. Macdonald, P.M. Outridge, P. Wilkinson, J.B.DeLaronde, and J.W.M. Rudd, 2000. Tests of the fidelity of lake sediment core records of mercury deposition to known histories of mercury contamination. The Science of the Total Environment 260, 171-180.


Lodenius, Martin, 1991. Mercury concentrations in an aquatic ecosystem during twenty years following abatement of the pollution source. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 56, 323-332.


Lorey, Peter and Charles T. Driscoll, 1999. Historical Trends of Mercury Deposition in Adirondack Lakes. Environmental Science & Technology 33, 718-722.


Louchouarn, Patrick and Marc Lucotte, 1998. A historical reconstruction of organic and inorganic contamination events in the Saguenay Fjord/St. Lawrence system from preindustrial times to the present. The Science of the Total Environment 213, 139-150.


Lu, X., W.K. Johnson, and C.S. Wong, 1986. Seasonal Replenishment of Mercury in a Coastal Fjord by its Intermittent Anoxicity. Marine Pollution Bulletin 17, 263-267.


Lucas, M.F., M.T. Caldeira, A. Hall, A.C. Duarte, and C. Lima, 1986. Distribution of mercury in the sediments and fishes of the lagoon of Aveiro, Portugal. Water Science and Technology 18, 141-148.


Martin-Doimeadios, R.C. Rodriguez, E. Tessier, D. Amouroux, R. Guyoneaud, R. Duran, P. Caumette, and O.F.X. Donard, 2004. Mercury methylation/demethylation and volatilization pathways in estuarine sediment slurries using species-specific enriched stable isotopes. Marine Chemistry 90, 107-123.


Marvin, Chris, Scott Painter, and Ronald Rossmann, 2003. Spatial and temporal patterns in mercury contamination in sediments of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Environmental Research 95, 351-362.


Marvin-DiPasquale, M.C., J.L. Agee, R.M. Bouse, and B.E. Jaffe, 2003. Microbial cycling of mercury in contaminated pelagic and wetland sediments of San Pablo Bay, California. Environmental Geology 43, 260-267.


Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark and Jennifer L. Agee, 2003. Microbial Mercury Cycling in Sediments of the San Francisco Bay-Delta. Estuaries 26, 1517-1528.


Maserti, B.E. and R. Ferrara, 1991. Mercury in Plants, Soil and Atmosphere near a Chlor-Alkali Complex. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 56, 15-20.


Mason, R.P., W.F. Fitzgerald, J. Hurley, A.K. Hanson, Jr., P.L. Donaghay, and J.M. Sieburth, 1993. Mercury biogeochemical cycling in a stratified estuary. Limnology and Oceanography 38, 1227-1241.


Mason, Robert, Nicolas Bloom, Steve Cappelino, Gary Gill, Janina Benoit, and Charles Dobbs, 1998. Investigation of Porewater Sampling Methods for Mercury and Methylmercury. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 4031-4040.


Mason, Robert P. and Angie L. Lawrence, 1999. Concentration, Distribution, and Bioavailability of Mercury and Methylmercury in Sediments of Baltimore Harbor and Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 2438-2447.

Matilainen, T., M. Verta, M. Niemi, and A. Uusi-Rauva, 1991. Specific rates of net methylmercury production in lake sediments. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 56, 595-605.


Matty, Jane M. and David T. Long, 1995. Early Diagenesis of Mercury in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Journal of Great Lakes Research 21, 574-586.


McAuliffe, C.A. (editor), 1977. The Chemistry of Mercury. The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited, Toronto, Canada. 288 pgs.


Mercone, D., J. Thomson, I.W. Croudace, and S.R. Troelstra, 1999. A coupled natural immobilisation mechanism for mercury and selenium in deep-sea sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 1481-1488.


Mikac, N., M. Picer, P. Stegnar, and M. Tusek-Znidaric, 1985. Mercury distribution in a polluted marine area, ratio of total mercury, methyl mercury and selenium in sediments, mussels and fish. Water Research 19, 1387-1392.


Mikac, N., S. Niessen, B. Ouddane, and M. Wartel, 1999. Speciation of Mercury in Sediments of the Seine Estuary (France). Applied Organometallic Chemistry 13, 715-725.


Miller, J.R., P.J. Lechler, and M. Desilets, 1998. The role of geomorphic processes in the transport and fate of mercury in the Carson River basin, west-central Nevada. Environmental Geology 33, 249-262.


Miller, J.R. and P.J. Lechler, 2003. Importance of temporal and spatial scale in the analysis of mercury transport and fate: an example from the Carson River system, Nevada. Environmental Geology 43, 315-325.


Moreira, J.C. and F. Pivetta, 1997. Human and environmental contamination by mercury from industrial uses in Brazil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 97, 241-246.


Morse, John W., 1994. Interactions of trace metals with authigenic sulfide minerals: implications for their bioavailability. Marine Chemistry 46, 1-6.


Mucci, Alfonso, Bernard Boudreau, and Constance Guignard, 2003. Diagenetic mobility of trace elements in sediments covered by a flash flood deposit: Mn, Fe and As. Applied Geochemistry 18, 1011-1026.


Naimo, Teresa J., James G. Wiener, W. Gregory Cope, and Nicolas S. Bloom, 2000. Bioavailability of sediment-associated mercury to Hexagenia mayflies in a contaminated floodplain river. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, 1092-1102.


Najera, Isaac, Chu-Ching Lin, Golenaz Adeli Kohbodi, and Jennifer A. Jay, 2005. Effect of Chemical Speciation on Toxicity of Mercury to Escherichia coli Biofilms and Planktonic Cells. Environmental Science & Technology 39, 3116-3120.


Nittrouer, C.A. and R.W, Sternberg, 1981. The formation of sedimentary strata in an allochthonous shelf environment: the Washington continental shelf. Marine Geology 42, 201-232.


Nriagu, Jerome and Christian Becker, 2003. Volcanic emissions of mercury to the atmosphere: global and regional inventories. The Science of the Total Environment 304, 3-12. (See also volume 327, 323-333 for letter to editor by Mather and Pyle and response).


Officer, Charles B. and Daniel R. Lynch, 1989. Bioturbation, Sedimentation and Sediment-Water Exchanges. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 28, 1-12.


Olsen, C.R., N.H. Cutshall, and I.L. Larsen, 1982. Pollutant-Particle Associations and Dynamics in Coastal Marine Environments: A Review. Marine Chemistry 11, 501-533.


Ouyang, Ying, John Higman, Dean Campbell, and Jeff Davis, 2003. Three-Dimensional Kriging Analysis of Sediment Mercury Distribution: A Case Study. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39, 689-702.


Paquette, K. and G. Helz, 1995. Solubility of Cinnabar (Red HgS) and Implications for Mercury Speciation in Sulfidic Waters. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80, 1053-1056.


Park, J.-G. and L.R. Curtis, 1997. Mercury Distribution in Sediments and Bioaccumulation by Fish in Two Oregon Reservoirs: Point-Source and Nonpoint-Source Impacted Systems. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 33, 423-429.


Pascoe, Gary A., Patrick McLaren, and Mills Soldate, 2002. Impact of offsite sediment transport and toxicity on remediation of a contaminated estuarine bay. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, 1184-1193.


Pirrone, Nicola, Ivo Allegrini, Gerald J. Keeler, Jerome O. Nriagu, Ronald Rossman, and John A. Robbins, 1998. Historical Atmospheric Mercury Emissions and Depositions in North America Compared to Mercury Accumulations in Sedimentary Records. Atmospheric Environment 32, 929-940.


Poissant, Laurier ana Alain Casimir, 1998. Water-Air and Soil-Air Exchange Rate of Total Gaseous Mercury Measured at Background Sites. Atmospheric Environment 32, 883-893.


Ram, Anirudh, M.A. Rokade, D.V. Borole, and M.D. Zingde, 2003. Mercury in sediments of Ulhas estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, 846-857.


Rasmussen, Pat E., 1994. Current Methods of Estimating Atmospheric Mercury Fluxes in Remote Areas. Environmental Science & Technology 28, 2233-2241.


Ravichandran, Mahalingam, Mahalingam Baskaran, Peter H. Santschi, and Thomas S. Bianchi, 1995. History of Trace Metal Pollution in Sabine-Neches Estuary, Beaumont, Texas. Environmental Science & Technology 29, 1495-1503.


Remy, S., P. Prudent, C. Hissler, J.L. Probst, and G. Krempp, 2003. Total mercury concentrations in an industrialized catchment, the Thur River basin (north-eastern France): geochemical background level and contamination factors. Chemosphere 52, 635-644.


Rolfhus, Kristofer R. and William F. Fitzgerald, 2001. The evasion and spatial/temporal distribution of mercury species in Long Island Sound, CT-NY. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65, 407-418.


Rolfhus, K.R., H.E. Sakamoto, L.B. Cleckner, R.W. Stoor, C.L. Babiarz, R.C. Back, H. Manolopoulos, and J.P. Hurley, 2003. Distribution and Fluxes of Total and Methylmercury in Lake Superior. Environmental Science & Technology 37, 865-872.


Rolfhus, Kristofer R. and William F. Fitzgerald, 2004. Mechanisms and temporal variability of dissolved gaseous mercury production in coastal seawater. Marine Chemistry 90, 125-136.


Rossman, Ronald and David N. Edgington, 2000. Mercury in Green Bay, Lake Michigan Surficial Sediments Collected between 1987 and 1990. Journal of Great Lakes Research 26, 323-339.


Rossman, Ronald, 2002. Lake Michigan 1994-1996 Surficial Sediment Mercury. Journal of Great Lakes Research 28, 65-76.


Roulet, M., M. Lucotte, R. Canuel, N. Farella, M. Courcelles, J.-R.D. Guimaraes, D. Mergler, and M. Amorim, 2000. Chemical Geology 165, 243-266.


Sager, David R., 2002. Long-term variation in mercury concentrations in estaurine organisms with changes in releases into Lavaca Bay, Texas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, 807-815.


Santschi, Peter H., Yuan-Hui Li, Dennis M. Adler, Michael Amdurer, Joy Bell, and Urs P. Nyffeler, 1983. The relative mobility of natural (Th, Pb, and Po) and fallout (Pu, Am, Cs) radionuclides in the coastal marine envrionment: results from model ecosystems (MERL) and Narragansett Bay. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47, 201-210.


Santschi, Peter H., Scott Nixon, Michael Pilson, and Carlton Hunt, 1984. Accumulation of Sediments, Trace Metals (Pb, Cu) and Total Hydrocarbons in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Estaurine, Coastal, and Shelf Science 19, 427-449.

Santschi, Peter, Patrick Hohener, Gaboury Benoit, and Marilyn Buchholtz-ten Brink, 1990. Chemical processes at the sediment-water interface. Marine Chemistry 30, 269-315.

Santschi, Peter H., Mead A. Allison, Shaunna Asbill, A. Britt Perlet, Steven Cappellino, Charles Dobbs, and Larry McShea, 1999. Sediment Transport and Hg Recovery in Lavaca Bay, as Evaluated from Radionuclide and Hg Distributions. Environmental Science & Technology 33, 378-391.


Santschi, Peter H., Liang-Saw Wen, and Laodong Guo, 2001. Transport and diagenesis of trace metals and organic matter in Palos Verdes shelf sediments affected by a wastewater outfall. Marine Chemistry 73, 153-171.


Santschi, P.H., B.J. Presley, T.L. Wade, B. Garcia-Romero, and M. Baskaran. 2001. Historical contamination of PAHs, PCBs, DDTs, and heavy metals in Mississippi River Delta, Galveston Bay and Tampa Bay sediment cores. Marine Environmental Research 52, 51-79.


Saulnier, Isabelle and Alfonso Mucci, 2000. Trace metal remobilization following the resuspension of estuarine sediments: Saguenay Fjord, Canada. Applied Geochemistry 15, 191-210.


Scerbo, R., T. Ristori, B. Stefanini, S. De Ranieri, and C. Barghigiani, 2005. Mercury assessment and evaluation of its impact on fish in the Cecina river basin (Tuscany, Italy). Environmental Pollution 135, 179-186.


Schroeder, William H., Greg Yarwood, and Hiromi Niki, 1991. Transformation processes involving mercury species in the atmosphere - results from a literature survey. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 56, 653-666.


Schroeder, William H. and John Munthe, 1998. Atmospheric Mercury - An Overview. Atmospheric Environment 32, 809-822.


Schulz, R.S., 1989. Mercury Fixation in Contaminated Sediments as a Management Option at Albany, Western Australia. Water Science and Technology 21, No. 2, 45-51.


Schultz, Titta, Pekka Korhonen, amd Markku Virtanen, 1995. A Mercury Model Used for Assessment of Dredging Impacts. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80, 1171-1180.


Shi, J.-B., L.-N. Liang, C.-G. Yuan, B. He, and G.-B. Jiang, 2005. Methylmercury and Total Mercury in Sediments Collected from the East China Sea. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 74, 980-987.


Silva, L.F.F., W. Machado, S.D.Lisboa Filho, and L.D.Lacerda, 2003. Mercury accumulation in sediments of a mangrove ecosystem in SE Brazil. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 145, 67-77.


Smith, J.N. and A. Walton, 1980. Sediment accumulation rates and geochronologies measured in the Saguenay Fjord using the Pb-210 dating method. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44, 225-240.


Smith, John N. and Douglas H. Loring, 1981. Geochronology for Mercury Pollution in the Sediments of the Saguenay Fjord, Quebec. Environmental Science & Technology 15, 944-951.


Sunderland, Elsie M., Frank A.P.C. Gobas, Andrew Heyes, Brian A. Branfireun, Angelika K. Bayer, Raymond E. Cranston, and Michael B. Parsons, 2004. Speciation and bioavailability of mercury in well-mixed estuarine sediments. Marine Chemistry 90, 91-105.


Thamdrup, Bo, Henrik Fossing, and Bo Barker Jorgensen, 1994. Manganese, iron, and sulfur cycling in a coastal marine sediment, Aarhus Bay, Denmark. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 5115-5129.


Tomiyasu, Takashi, Ayako Nagano, Norinobu Yonehara, Hayao Sakamoto, Rifardi, Kimihiko Oki, and Hirokatsu Akagi, 2000. Mercury contamination in the Yatsushiro Sea, south-western Japan: spatial variations of mercury in sediment. The Science of the Total Environment 257, 121-132.


Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 1986. Article on Chlorine (Vol. A6), providing information on mercury cell processes. pgs 399 et seq.


Ullrich, Susanne M., Trevor W. Tanton, and Svetlana A. Abdrashitova, 2001. Mercury in the Aquatic Environment: A Review of Factors Affecting Methylation. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 31, 241-293.


Vandal, Grace M. and William F. Fitzgerald, 1995. A Preliminary Mercury Budget for Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, USA). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80, 679-682.


Varekamp, J.C., M.R. Buchholtz ten Brink, E.L. Mecray, and B. Kreulen, 2000. Mercury in Long Island Sound Sediments. Journal of Coastal Research 16, 613-626.


Varekamp, J.C., B. Kreulen, M.R. Buchholtz ten Brink, and E.L. Mecray, 2003. Mercury contamination chronologies from Connecticut wetlands and Long Island Sound sediments. Environmental Geology 43, 268-282.


Wang, J.S., P.M. Huang, W.K. Liaw, and U.T. Hammer, 1991. Kinetics of the desorption of mercury from selected freshwater sediments as influenced by chloride. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 56, 533-542.


Wang, Wen-Xiong, Ian Stupakoff, Christian Gagnon, and Nicholas S. Fisher, 1998. Bioavailability of Inorganic and Methylmercury to a Marine Deposit-Feeding Polychaete. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 2564-2571.


Wang, Wen-Xiong and Nicholas S. Fisher, 1999. Delineating metal accumulation pathways for marine invertebrates. The Science of the Total Environment 237/238, 459-472.


Wangberg, Ingvar, Hans Edner, Romano Ferrara, Enrica Lanzillotta, John Munthe, Jonas Sommar, Mikael Sjoholm, Sune Svanberg, and Petter Weibring, 2003. Atmospheric mercury near a chlor-alkali plant in Sweden. The Science of the Total Environment 304, 29-41.


Warner, Kimberly A., Eric E. Roden, and Jean-Claude Bonzongo, 2003. Microbial Mercury Transformation in Anoxic Freshwater Sediments under Iron-Reducing and Other Electron-Accepting Conditions. Environmental Science & Technology 37, 2159-2165.


Wasserman, Julio Cesar, Sandra Hacon, and Maria Angelica Wasserman, 2003. Biogeochemistry of mercury in the Amazonian environment. Ambio 32, 336-342.


Wihlborg, P., A. Danielsson, and F. Klingberg, 2004. Mercury in Lake Vanern, Sweden. Distribution in Surface Sediment and Catchment Budget. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 154, 85-99.


Woodward, Lee Ann, Margaret Mulvey, and Michael C. Newman, 1996. Mercury contamination and population-level responses in chironomids: can allozyme polymorphism indicate exposure? Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15, 1309-1316.


Zehner, Richard E. and Mae S. Gustin, 2002. Estimation of Mercury Vapor Flux from Natural Substrate in Nevada. Environmental Science & Technology 36, 4039-4045.

Other (including web searches)


Extensive index of files at Port of Bellingham


Listing of documents at Bellingham Library (repository) and Ecology Bellingham Field Office


Elisabeth Britt listing of compiled documents


Documents Collection at Nooksack tribal offices


USEPA listing of mercury-contaminated chlor-alkali sites by region (from web)


New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY and USEPA, region 2, New York, NY, 2005. Record of Decision, Onondaga Lake Bottom Subsite of the Onondaga Lake Superfund Site, Town of Geddes and Salina, Villages of Solvay and Liverpool, and City of Syracuse, Onondaga County, New York. July.

© 2006 Bellingham Bay Foundation | 1208 Bay Street, Suite 101 | Bellingham, WA 98225 | 360.527.2733